M.T. Ciaffaroni, Sailing Across - Zanichelli editore

MODULE A - Lexicon
Coping with Texts
 

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(To) Deal with: Occuparsi di, trattare.
To take action about, tackle; to be about, to have as a subject.

Debit and credit notes: Note di addebito o accredito.
Debit notes add amounts to invoices. Credit notes deduct amounts from invoices.

Delivery note: Bolla di consegna.
It is sent with the goods. It is signed by the customer, and brought back by the delivery driver as proof of the customer has received the goods.

(To) Deploy: Spiegare, schierare.
To spread out or arrange for effective action.

(To) Draw: Disegnare.
To make pictures or make a picture of something with a pencil or pen.

(To) Elaborate: Rielaborare.
To add more detail or information.

(To) Emphasise: Enfatizzare.
To give special force or attention to something to show that it is particularly important.

(To) End up: Finire per, concludersi.
To be in the end, in the stated place, condition, etc.

Evidence: Prova.
Something such as a fact, sign, or object that gives proof or reasons to believe or agree with something.

Factual texts: Testi informativi.
They include those texts with the primary aim of communicating knowledge as it has been educationally defined, classified, and constructed. Factual texts deal with the exchange of knowledge in all of the learning areas. In the everyday sense they include all of the texts that we use from day to day to 'get things done'.

Feature articles: Pezzi importanti, servizi speciali.
These are written to provide entertainment or background on a subject. Typically the most important information is in the body of the text.

Field: Campo.
What a text is about.

(To) Figure out: Capire, immaginare.
To come to understand or discover by thinking.

(To) Fit: Adattarsi, accordarsi.
To be the right size or shape; to be suitable for; to provide and put correctly into place.

(To) Focus: Mettere a fuoco, focalizzare.
To direct one's attention to something.

Foresight: Preveggenza, prescienza.
The ability to imagine what will probably happen allowing one to act to help or prevent developments; care or wise planning for the future.

Formal grammar: Grammatica strutturale.
Grammar from a formal perspective means that we understand how the English language is put together.

Framework: Intelaiatura, ossatura, struttura.
Supporting border or case into which something is fitted; structure.

Functional grammar: Grammatica funzionale.
From a functional perspective, grammar is concerned with what the language is doing, or better, being made to do.

Genre: Genere testuale.
It is a functional term that refers to the language processes involved in doing things with language. We therefore talk about genres in terms of processes such as describing and arguing, and we find that we use quite different structural and grammatical resources when we engage in different genres. There are five key genres: describing, explaining, instructing, arguing, narrating.

Grammar: Grammatica.
It is a concern with how particular texts are put together. Grammar is a name for the resources available to users of a language system for producing texts.

Heading: Intestazione, titolo di capitolo.
A title printed at the top of a page to indicate the subject matter that is going to be discussed in a particular subject column or section.

Hierarchical outline: Schema, mappa strutturata.
An arrangement of information in form of a map or other according to higher and lower ranks.

(To) Highlight: Evidenziare.
Pick out something as an important part.

Holding Company: Holding.
A corporation that owns the securities of another, in most cases with voting control.

In depth: In profondità, in maniera approfondita.
Going beneath the surface or appearance of things; done with great thoroughness.

Intelligence: Intelligenza, informazione.
Ability to learn, reason and understand; information.

(To) Interact: Interagire.
To have an action on each other or something else or working close together.

Invoice: Fattura.
The invoice is the Bill for goods or services supplied. It is usually numbered and gives the names and address of buyers and seller; an order number, if any, and date of the order; details of the goods and services supplied; cost of the goods and VAT details.

(To) Jot down: Annotare in fretta, buttare giù appunti, scribacchiare.
Write quickly especially without preparation.

(To) Label: Etichettare, classificare.
To describe as belonging to a particular kind or class.

Layman: Profano, non “addetto ai lavori”.
A person who is not trained in a particular subject or type of work, especially compared with those who are.

Lay-out: Impaginazione, disposizione nella pagina.
The way in which printed matter is set out in paper.

Lead: Guida.
A guiding suggestion or example; a position ahead of all others.

Letter of enquiry: Lettera di richiesta di informazioni.
A letter of enquiry is a detailed letter, sent to a company, which asks for information on one or more of their products. It usually asks for the price and delivery details and gives full information – called specification – on what the buyer requires.

Letterhead: Intestazione di carta da lettera, carta intestata.
They are printed with the firm's name and address, telephone, e-mail address and fax numbers, plus any legal information required for a limited company, such as the registered number, registered office and directors' names.

Link word: Connettore.
A word which connects two sentences clauses or phrases.

List structure: Elenco strutturato. Scaletta.
A way of summing up information using a set of words written one below the other in a structured way so that one can remember them better.

Literary texts: Testi letterari.
They include the broad range of texts that reflect and interpret individual and social life, whether it be real or imaginary. Literary texts use language in a way that moves it beyond the concrete representational and functional modes of language.

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