A - B - C - D - E - F - G - H - I - J - K - L - M - N - O - P - Q - R - S - T - U - V - W - X - Y - Z

E-Business: Commercio elettronico.
A term that is easily confused with E-Commerce. E-Business may be an umbrella term that refers to any type of business transaction on the Internet. Some writers, however, may use the term in a more restricted context such as a business-to-business (B2B) transaction as opposed to a business-to-consumer (B2C) transaction. For example, a B2B transaction might be a business firm's online banking transaction. E-Commerce refers more to the B2C context where a firm sells goods on the Internet and makes collections via some payment scheme such as online credit card transactions.

EC: Comunità Europea.
The European Community, an earlier term now replaced by EU (European Union); not to be confused with the European Commission, the executive branch of the EU.

Economic and Social Committee: Comitato Economico e sociale.
It was set up by the Treaty establishing the European Economic Community in 1957 to represent the interests of the various economic and social groups. It consists of 222 members falling into three categories: employers, workers and representatives of particular types of activity. Members are appointed for four years by unanimous Council decision and this term may be renewed.

Economic profit: Profitto economico.
Return on investment in excess of the average cost of capital in the overall market. Alternatively, profits excluding profits from the increase in value of inventory which the company holds.

Economies of scope: Ecomomie d'ambito.
Are economies derived from integration i.e. from using the same resources more intensively. This means that resources acquired for one purpose can be used for another purpose for very little or no extra cost. Where the cost of producing two outputs jointly is less than the cost of producing each output separately.

Economy of scale: Economie di scala.
In industries that are research or advertising intensive, efficiency requires a large-scale operation. Entrants are faced with the choice of either entering on a small scale and accepting high unit cost, or entering on a large scale and running the risk of drastic under utilization of capacities while they are building up sales volumes.

ECR: Registratore di cassa elettronico.
Electronic cash register.

Education Policy: Politica dell'istruzione.
First recognised as a policy competence by the Treaty on European Union. It has largely been limited to stressing the need for closer collaboration and mutual understanding, and has taken the form of recommendations rather than binding legislation.

Education, Vocational Training and Youth: Istruzione, formazione professionale e gioventù.
Since 1995 there have been three main education and vocational training programmes: Socrates, encourages student mobility, and to that end, co-operation between universities (ERASMUS programme), schools and in language learning (COMENIUS programme). Socrates also encourages the development of networks with a view to the recognition of qualifications, the provision of information in the field of education (EURYDICE) and the exchange of experience between decision-makers in the field of education (ARION); LEONARDO promotes access to vocational training by improving national vocational training systems and encouraging innovation and life-long learning; Youth for Europe III facilitates the mobility of less privileged young people outside education structures in order to give them access to local projects which complement their training.

Education: Istruzione, titoli di studio.
In a CV it is a list of secondary and further education with qualifications. You may choose to omit secondary education if a long time ago or does not reflect well on your current achievements. List Further or Higher Education with dates and qualifications. Highlight the most marketable aspects of your experiences during this period.

EEA: Area Economica Europea.
The European Economic Area (EEA) is an 18 nation organisation made up of the EU and EFTA countries.

EEC: Comunità Economica Europea.
European Economic Community, an earlier term now replaced by EU.

Effective: Efficace.
Producing the desired result; actual, real; in operation.

EFTA: Area Europea di Libero Commercio.
European Free Trade Area, four western European nations. These are: Iceland, Liechtenstein, Norway and Switzerland.

(To) Elaborate: Elaborare.
To add more detail or information.

Election: Elezioni.
The process by which public or private officials are selected from a field of candidates by the marking of ballots in a vote.

Electorate: Elettorato.
All the people in a district that are eligible to vote in elections.

Electronic bill delivery: A system from Visa Interactive which enables banks to electronically deliver bills to consumers through the consumer's PC or telephones. Eventually the system will allow consumers to send electronic payments back through their banks to the biller's accounts receivable system.

Electronic Check system: A project by the FSTC that allows customers to write and sign secure checks for transactions over insecure public networks, such as the Internet. The system uses cryptographic processing to assure that the checks cannot be counterfeited or forged.

E-mail message: Messaggio di posta elettronica.
It is a message sent to people via computers. It is delivered to the recipient's account within seconds. It can be distributed to lists of people, as well as to individuals. It is less formal than letters and can be sent in the matter of seconds. It is faster than Postal Service. It is cheaper than most long distances phone calls. It is reliable and provides an immediate response.

Embedded mode: Sistema dedicato.
A term used to describe a project development that is characterised by tight, inflexible constraints and interface requirements. The product must operate within (is embedded in) a strongly coupled complex of hardware, software, regulations and operational procedures. An embedded mode project will require a great deal of innovation. An example would be a real-time with timing constraints and customised hardware.

Empathy: Identificazione, immedesimazione, empatia.
It is the ability to feel what someone else is experiencing and to validate their experience. Empathy is seeing the world through the other person's eyes.

(To) Emphasise: Enfatizzare.
To give special force or attention to something to show that it is particularly important.

(To) Employ: Impiegare, assumere, dare lavoro
To use the services of a person or group to perform work in return for pay; give a job.

Employee: Lavoratore dipendente.
A person who does work for an employer under a verbal or written understanding where the employer gives direction as to what jobs are done, when jobs are done and, to some degree, how jobs are done. Care must be taken not to classify employees as independent contractors. To the small business firm, the result may be crucial because withholding is required of employees but not for independent contractors.

Employer: Datore di lavoro, principale.
A person or company that engages other people (employees) to perform work under a verbal or written agreement.

Employer Application Forms: Moduli di assunzione del datore di lavoro.
Many employers require you to complete an application form rather than send in your CV. From the employer's perspective an EAF gives them the chance to ask you to give evidence of the key competencies and characteristics which they have identified as being important in their organisation.

Employment: Impiego, occupazione.
The state of being employed; paid work.
It is one of the key concerns of the Member States. There are five priority areas for action to promote employment: improving employment opportunities by promoting investment in vocational training; increasing the employment rate; reducing non-wage labour costs; increasing the effectiveness of labour-market policies; improving help for groups which are particularly hard hit by unemployment.

EMU (Economic and Monetary Union): Unione Economica e Monetaria.
It is meant to the introduction of a single currency. EMU is to be achieved in three stages. First stage free: movement of capital between Member States, closer co-ordination of economic policies and closer co-operation between central banks; Second stage: convergence of the economic and monetary policies of the Member States; Third stage: establishment of a European Central Bank, fixing of exchange rates and introduction of a single currency. Eleven Member States are participating in the third stage of EMU that began on 1 January 1999. Four Member States have not adopted the single currency.

EN: Standard europeo.
European Standard (Euro-Norm), a technical document written by CEN or CENELEC.

Enclosure: Allegati.
If the envelope contains any documents other than the letter itself, identify the number of enclosures: Enclosure. In determining the number of enclosures, count only the separate items, not the number of pages.

Encryption: Crittografia.
Cryptographic conversion of data into cipher-text in order to prevent any but the intended recipient from reading that data. There are many types of data encryption, and they are the basis of network security. Common types include Data Encryption Standard and Public-key Encryption.

Encryption engine: A device that would support basic encryption capabilities in a computer when combined with a separately installable policy card that controls the strength of the encryption algorithm. The combination permits the volume production and export from the US, without State Department approval, of computers potentially able to support many levels of encryption while still allowing State Department control of encryption strength.

(To) End up: Finire per, concludersi.
To be in the end, in the stated place, condition, etc.

Endnotes: Note.
Endnotes contain information from any published material, in the order in which it is quoted in a report.

Enlargement: Allargamento.
It was originally the term used to refer to the four successive waves of new members joining the Community. Nine countries have so far joined the six founder members - Belgium, France, Germany, Italy, Luxembourg and the Netherlands - at the following times:1973: Denmark, Ireland and the United Kingdom; 1981: Greece; 1986: Portugal and Spain; 1995: Austria, Finland and Sweden. With the growing number of applicants for membership the concept of enlargement has taken on a different meaning.

Enterprise: Azienda, impresa.
A business firm; most often a newly-formed venture. Also in business, to show creativity, innovation or originality in a new concept or idea.

Entrepreneur: Imprenditore.
A person who undertakes the risks of starting a new business. Most often involves a new product or new service. Usually carries the connotation of creativity, vision, self-starting or venturesome. The founder of a business.

Entry: Registrazione, scrittura.
Item in a business record.

Environment: Ambiente.
The aim of Community environment policy is to preserve, protect and improve the quality of the environment and to protect people's health. It also sets great store by the prudent and rational use of natural resources. Lastly, it seeks to promote measures at international level to deal with regional or world wide environmental problems.

EPH (Electronic Payment Handling): The banking system capabilities needed to support E-check and capable of reducing bank costs. The logical providers of EPH are automated clearing houses.

Equal opportunities: Pari opportunità.
Two key elements of the general principle of equal opportunities are the ban on discrimination on grounds of nationality and equal pay for men and women. It is intended to apply to all fields, particularly economic, social, cultural and family life. The Treaty of Amsterdam added a new Article to the Treaty, reinforcing the principle of non-discrimination, which is closely linked to equal opportunities. Under this new Article, the Council has the power to take appropriate action to combat discrimination based on sex, racial or ethnic origin, religion or belief, disability, age or sexual orientation.

Equipment: Attrezzatura, impianto.
Physical goods used in a business, such as machinery or furniture. Equipment is used in a business during the production of income. As opposed to real estate, material or supplies. In accounting, equipment is treated as personal property.

Equity: Capitale netto, patrimonio netto.
In business, the owner's investment in the business; the amount owned by the owners; the owner's interest or value remaining after payment of all debts and charges. In a start-up business, the amount of money provided by the owner at the outset; often in conjunction with the amount borrowed as a loan. Normally, with greater owner's equity, the business is more stable. Same as net worth in a business. In banking, the difference between the amount received from the sale of assets and the claims against the assets. Also an estimate of this difference prior to sale. In investment, ownership interest possessed by common and preferred shareholders in a corporation-stock ownership as opposed to bonds and loans that are liabilities. In general, fairness. For example, law courts try to be equitable in their judgment when splitting up corporations or estates.

Ergonomic: Ergonomico.
Machines and equipment, such as computers, chairs and lighting, designed to work with the human body. Ergonomic equipment is intended to reduce injuries and increase productivity.

(To) Escrow: Mettere in custodia.
Where documents or money accounts are put beyond the reach of the parties.

Ethernet: The most common method of transferring data over a LAN. Ethernet now comes in three varieties: 10BaseT operates at a speed up to 10Mbps, 100BaseT, or Fast Ethernet, runs at up to 100Mbps and Gigabit Ethernet, which runs at up to 1Gbps.

EU: Unione Europea.
Formerly known as the European Economic Community (EEC), and later shortened to European Community (EC), the European Union (EU) is a group of 15 European nations that have established a single market area.

Europe agreement: Accordo Europeo.
It is a specific type of association agreement concluded between the European Union and certain Central and Eastern European states. Its aim is to prepare the associated state for accession to the European Union, and is based on respect of human rights, democracy, the rule of law and the market economy. To date, Europe agreements have been concluded with ten countries: Bulgaria, the Czech Republic, Estonia, Hungary, Latvia, Lithuania, Poland, Romania, Slovakia and Slovenia.

European Anthem: Inno Europeo.
The words of Schiller's 'Ode to Joy' as set to music in the final movement of Beethoven's Ninth Symphony, and played on ceremonial occasions.

European Central Bank (ECB): Banca Centrale Europea.
The body to come into existence between 1997 and 1999 with the third stage of Economic and Monetary Union (EMU), with powers to issue the European Currency Unit (ECU) and control monetary policy.

European Commission: Commissione Europea.
It is a body with powers of initiative, implementation, management and control. It is the guardian of the Treaties and the embodiment of the interests of the Community. It is composed of twenty independent members (two each from France, Germany, Italy, Spain and the United Kingdom and one each from all the other countries), including a President and two Vice-Presidents. It is appointed for a five-year term, by agreement among the Member States, and is subject to a vote of appointment by the European Parliament, to which it is answerable, before it can be sworn in. The Commissioners are assisted by an administration made up of directorates-general and specialised departments whose staff are divided mainly between Brussels and Luxembourg.

European Council: Consiglio Europeo.
It is the term used to describe the regular meetings of the Heads of State or Government of the European Union Member States. It first met in. Its existence was given legal recognition by the Single European Act, while official status was conferred on it by the Treaty on European Union. It meets at least twice a year and the President of the European Commission attends as a full member. Its objectives are to give the European Union the impetus it needs in order to develop further and to define general policy guidelines.

Euro-sceptics: Euroscettici.
A phrase describing those people who oppose attempts to increase the degree of political integration.

Evidence: Prova.
Something such as a fact, sign, or object that gives proof or reasons to believe or agree with something.

Exchange rate: Tasso di cambio.
The price at which the money of one country is converted into the money of another country.

Executive: Dirigente.
A top-level member of the management team of a company who has the power to make and carry out decisions especially in business; one with the title of president, vice-president, secretary or treasurer.

Expenditure: Uscite.
Budget resources expected to fund the several EU policies as well as EU running and administrative costs. The largest element is on agriculture.

Expertise: Competenza, perizia.
Aggregation of all establishments owned by a parent company. An enterprise can consist of a single, independent establishment or it can include subsidiaries or other branch establishments under the same ownership and control.

Extension: Numero telefonico interno.
Any of the many telephone lines which connect various rooms or officies in a large building to the switchboard.