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Salability: Vendibilità.
Property of things which makes them fit for sale or easy to sell.

Sales: Vendite.
The sum of more than one sale. In accounting, often used interchangeably with income or revenue. See also gross sales; net sales. In retail, often refers to products offered for sale at less than the originally stated price.

Salespeople: Rappresentanti di commercio.
Sales representatives.

Salutation: Formula introduttiva, saluto iniziale.
This is to whom the letter is addressed. If you have no attention or subject line, put the salutation two lines below the inside address. The traditional salutation is Dear followed by the reader's courtesy title and last name. When you don't know the reader's name you use Sir and Madam. For a group of people use: Ladies and Gentlemen or Gentlemen (if all the readers are male) and Ladies (if all the readers are female). British English instead uses Dear Sirs for a group of people.

Scalability: Espandibilità.
How well a system performs as it grows. For example, a central server of some kind with ten clients may perform efficiently. It has a scalability problem if it fails with an increasing number of clients.

Scalable: Espandibile.
Hardware or software can be expanded as required in the future. For instance a particular application program may be set up to run for 2 concurrent users but can be scaled up for more users if the company using it needs to expand in the future. Very important when making purchasing decisions.

Scan rate: Velocità di scansione.
To read text or images into a computer. To quickly read through information, either online or offline.

Scanner: Both hand-held and flatbed hardware and software for copying graphics images and text into computer files. Both color and black and white options are available.

Scanning: Lettura veloce di un testo.
Study a text in detail, reading slowly and carefully and looking for more specific information that he is interested in.

Scare Copy: Pubblicità allarmistica.
An advertising text intended to cause fear instead of appeal.

Schedule:
(v) Programmare, pianificare. To plan for a certain future time.
(n) Scaletta, programma, piano. A planned list or order of things to be done, dealt with, etc.

Schengen (Agreement and Convention): Accordo e convenzione di Schengen.
By the Agreement signed at Schengen on 14 June 1985, Belgium, France, Germany, Luxembourg and the Netherlands agreed that they would gradually remove their common frontier controls and introduce freedom of movement for all individuals who were nationals of the signatory Member States, other Member States or third countries.
The Schengen Convention was signed by the same five States on 19 June 1990. It lays down the arrangements and guarantees for implementing freedom of movement. It amends the relevant national laws and is subject to parliamentary ratification. Italy, Spain and Portugal, Greece, Austria, Sweden, Finland and Denmark have since joined the Convention.

Scope: Ambito, campo, portata, scopo.
The area within the limits of a question, subject, action, etc., range; space or chance for action or thought, opportunity.

(To) Scroll: Scorrere.
To move through text or images horizontally or vertically on-screen. This allows you to see a large document a little bit at a time.

Scroll bar: Barra di scorrimento.
A bar that appears at the bottom and/or right (or left) edge of a window whose contents are not entirely visible. Each scroll bar contains a scroll box and two scroll arrows.

Search engine: Motore di ricerca.
A Web site that catalogues a vast number of Web pages and other documents on the Internet and provides links to them and descriptions of them for users. The search engine provides a list of hopefully relevant documents and Web pages in response to queries by users, usually in the form of words or phrases that indicate the topic the user is interested in. Search engines are often the key element in a portal.

Search engine: Motore di ricerca.
www sites that allow users to type in a word or phrase and then search for other www sites linked to that word or phrase.

Secret ballot: Scrutinio segreto.
A vote that takes place in secret, that is, one where the voter does not have to disclose for whom he voted.

Secretariat-General: Segreteria generale.
The senior central bureaucratic agency of the Commission, and the major administrative link between the various EU agencies.

Sectoral Integration: Integrazione differenziata.
The process of integrating national economies in stages, by taking one economic sector at a time, and held to typify the strategy of the 1950s.

Secure container: A technology which uses encryption to ensure that a content provider receives payment each time a customer views a document or piece of data.

Secure Courier: A protocol developed by Netscape which encrypts portions of online bank card and micropayment transactions in "secure digital envelopes" so that they can be sent by consumers to financial institutions without being understood by intermediaries (e.g. merchants) or by unauthorized parties.

Secured bonds: Obbligazioni garantite.
Bonds backed by collateral or a lien. If the bond issuer defaults, he or she must hand over whatever asset was pledged - such as a house - so the creditor can recoup the loss on the bond.

Secured credit card: Carta di credito garantita.
A credit card issued to a person with a poor credit record where the credit limit on the account is equal to the amount of money the person has deposited at the issuing bank.

Secured loan: Mutuo garantito. Prestito garantito.
To get one, you have to promise to hand over specific assets if you default.

Securities: Titoli, valori mobiliari, valori.
Stocks, bonds and a host of other investments, including certificates of deposit. Investments for consumers; ways of raising cash for the issuer, including corporations and governments.

Security: Garanzia.
Property, money or goods pledges as an assurance that a loan will be repaid.

Security gateway: Gateway di sicurezza (passaggio, punto di accesso, nodo di transito, programma o componente hardware progettato per consentire il passaggio dei dati tra le reti).
A system which acts as the communications gateway between external untrusted systems and trusted hosts on their own sub-network. It provides security services for the trusted hosts when they communicate with external untrusted systems.

Security kernel: The hardware or software that provides security functions for a computer system.

Security policy: Politica sociale.
Formally listed as a EC objective in the Single European Act (SEA), and institutionalised in the Treaty on European Union, but not yet established in practice.
Single European Act (SEA). A 1987 amendment to the founding treaties dealing primarily with the internal market, European Political Co-operation (EPC), and institutional reform of the EC.

(To) Seek: Cercare.
To make a search for, try to find or get something.

Segmentation: Segmentazione.
Akin to the notion "divide and conquer," segmentation is marketing speak for breaking your audience down into definable subcategories. For instance, Coca-Cola may segment its audience based on frequency (one can a month or five cans a day), location (Bangkok or Bangladesh), and many other criteria. On the Web, segmentation is useful not just to marketers but to site designers as well, since the segments we track - first-timer vs. repeat visitor, domestic vs. international - shape the way we develop our Web sites.

Self awareness: Autoconsapevolezza, autocoscienza.
It means to be aware of your own feelings, values, needs, desires and motives. Knowing yourself is critical if you expect others to "get" who you are and what you want. Being self aware also allows you to set appropriate limits in your dealings with people.

Sender: Mittente.
A person who sends something. Especially a letter, parcel, message, etc.

Sensitivity: Sensibilità, delicatezza, permalosità.
Knowledge or consciousness of the feelings or opinions of others; having feelings that are easily hurt, or offended.

Separation of powers: Separazione dei poteri.
A system of government in which the three branches of government - executive, legislative, and judicial - are independent of each other. Each has powers that the others cannot impinge upon. The doctrine was first formulated in the eighteenth century by the French philosopher Montesquieu. The Founding Fathers thought that the separation of powers, which is the system of checks and balances that is enshrined in the constitution, was the best way to prevent tyranny.

(To) Sequence: Sistemare in sequenza, ordinare.
To arrange a group of things in an order especially following one another in time.

Sequential diagram: Schema sequenziale.
A way of arranging information using a chart or diagram that follows a specific order.

Server: A computer on a network that offers shared hardware or software resources to multiple users. The term may apply in a general sense to a computer that "serves" shared files or applications over a LAN, or it may apply to a computer running a specific application, such as a web server or mail server.

Server push: The continuous sending of new text, images, and other information from a Web server to a Web browser. Server push uses MIME's ability to send multiple documents within a single message to compose never ending message customized to an individual user's workstation. Implementations of server push, such as that from PointCast, are generally referred to as webcasting or netcasting.

Service mark: Marchio di servizio.
A name, symbol, or device used by the provider of services to identify its services and distinguish them from services provided by and sold by others.

(To) Set up: Installare. Installazione.
To install and configure hardware or software. Most Windows applications come with a program called SETUP.EXE or INSTALL.EXE, which installs the software on the computer's hard disk. The configuration of hardware or software. SET (Secure Electronic Transactions): A standard for transmitting credit card data securely over the Internet, SET uses a series of digital certificate exchanges to verify the identities of consumers, merchants and banks. Although most major e-commerce players endorse SET, the standard's cost and complexity have hindered its progress. For now, the simpler SSL standard secures most e-commerce transactions.

Settlement: Saldo, liquidazione.
The act of finalizing all factors affecting a transaction, such as credits, charges, costs and fees; to complete a transaction; to conclude a transaction.

Shadow cabinet: Governo ombra.
The Shadow Cabinet is made up of front bench MPs and peers from the second largest party, or official Opposition party in the House of Commons. The Opposition Party appoints an MP to 'shadow' each of the members of the Cabinet. In this way the Opposition can make sure that it looks at every part of the Government and can question them thoroughly. It also means that the Opposition has MPs ready to take on the job of the Cabinet if they win at the next General Election.

Shape: Forma.
The outer form of something by which it can be seen or felt to be different from something else.

Share: Azione.
In business, a unit of equity ownership in a corporation and sometimes a limited partnership. This ownership is represented by a stock certificate issued by the corporation in the name of the person owning the share. Two types are used: common stock and preferred stock. Par value represents the equivalent dollar amount equal to one share's value.

Shareware: Software that you can obtain for free. The author of the software does request a small fee to pay for registration, documentation, etc.

Shell: Conchiglia (interprete dei comandi, i quali vengono inviati tramite un terminale al sistema operativo. L'utente comunica con il sistema operativo e le periferiche tramite la shell, i programmi invece accedono a queste direttamente, con le chiamate di funzione).
Struttura (in Internet definisce solitamente i programmi d'interfaccia).
Software that allows users to interact with the operating system. For example, a user could develop a shell script to tell the operating system to delete all files in a given directory, which have not been changed in the last 3 months. Different Operating Systems have there own shell script languages.

Shipping: Spedizione.
The transportation of products from one location to another, usually from buyer to seller. Also means the cost of the transportation expense or the department of the company responsible for this function.

Shopper: Acquirente.
A person who buys thins from a shop; customer.

Signature: Firma.
A person's name written by himself/ herself.

SIMM (Single In-line Memory Module): Plug-in memory module containing all the chips needed to add blocks of RAM to a computer.

Single institutional framework: Contesto istituzionale unico.
The single institutional framework is the practical expression of the principle that there is only one set of institutions. It presupposes that Member States wishing to integrate and co-operate still further will agree to act through shared institutions. It also requires the other non-participating Member States to accept that shared institutions can be used for such operations to knit the Union closer together without involving all the Member States.

Single-member district: Collegio elettorale uninominale.

Skimming: Scorrere un testo velocemente.
Read a text quickly without pausing to study the details.

(To) Skip: Saltare, omettere, tralasciare.
To pass over or leave out; not to do or deal with the next thing; to fail to attend or take part in.

Slide: Diapositiva.
A small piece of film in a frame for passing strong light through to show a picture on a surface; a picture to be shown through a video projector, usually from a computer.

Slot: Fessura.
An opening in a computer where you can insert a printed circuit board. Slots are often called expansion slots because they allow you to expand the capabilities of a computer. The boards you insert in expansion slots are called expansion boards or add-on boards. Do not confuse slots with bays. Bays are sites within the computer where you can install disk drives. Typically, slots are in the back of the computer and bays are in the front.

Slowdown: Rallentamento.
A decrease of speed or activity.

Small business administration (SBA): Agenzia governativa del Congresso che assiste le piccole imprese.
US agency that nurtures small businesses. Provides low-interest loans.

Small business: Piccola impresa.
A small business is one that is independently owned and operated, is not dominant in its field and is limited by employment or sale amounts. Yet small business, as defined by the U.S. Small Business Administration, has many size definitions depending on the industry, purpose and usage, varying from 100 to 500 employees or from $0.5 to $17.0 million in sales. A most common definition: less than 500 employees. The SBA publishes precise definitions in each category; further, the SBA does not qualify some businesses for loans even though they are small, such as the media, gambling, speculation, real property investment, real property sales, and recreation or amusement enterprises not open to the public. By the SBA definition, 99 percent of all businesses are small.

Smart card: Carta di credito intelligente.
A credit card with an embedded microchip that contains extensive information. Smart cards are presently used for telephone cards, health cards, pay TV, banking, GSM Global System for Mobile communications, and other cellular/satellite telephones. Smart cards can hold encrypted secure data transferred in from a personal computer. The future appears to be unlimited for secure smart cards.

Social Charter: Patto sociale.
All the Member States except the United Kingdom adopted the Charter of the Fundamental Social Rights of Workers, commonly known as the Social Charter, in 1989 in the form of a declaration. It is seen as a political instrument containing "moral obligations" whose object is to guarantee that certain social rights are respected in the countries concerned. These primarily relate to the labour market, vocational training, equal opportunities and the working environment. It also contains an explicit request to the Commission to put forward proposals for translating the content of the Social Charter into legislation. The Social Charter has been followed up by social action programmes.

Social Security: Previdenza sociale.
The Social Security Act was passed in 1935; it established a national social security service, which included benefits for the elderly, unemployed, and also aid to the states for the care of the old, dependent children, and the blind. At first benefits were for private sector employees only, but in the 1950s Social Security was extended to self-employed, state and local employees, household and farm workers, and members of the armed forces and clergy.

Social welfare: Assistenza sociale.
The well-being of the community. Social welfare is an intangible; it is hard to quantify. It cannot be measured in terms to the quantity of goods and services available, because this is to equate welfare with material abundance. Social welfare is not the same as standard of living. The utility of something, the ability of a good or service to satisfy human want, will vary from person to person. A more accurate evaluation of social welfare would have to be something like a quality of life index, and include such things as environmental factors (quality of air and water), social indicators like levels of crime and drug abuse, availability of essential services like education and hospitals, and other non-material factors like religious faith. The more diverse the community the harder it is to evaluate social welfare, since different groups may place widely varying values on different aspects of community life.

Society: Società.
Any group of people who collectively make up an interdependent community.

Sole charge: Unico costo.
The only price paid for something.

Sole proprietor (trader): Imprenditore individuale.
The sole owner of a business.

Sole proprietorship: Ditta individuale.
A form of business ownership in which one person owns the entire business, earns all profits and assumes all losses. As contrasted with corporate or partnership businesses.

Sovereign: Sovrano.
One who exercises supreme power in state-a king or queen; also means independent of others, as in a sovereign state.

Sovereignty: Sovranità.
Independent political authority, as in, those who oppose their country joining the European Community fear the loss of national sovereignty to a central, European body. Also means the quality of being supreme in power or authority, as in sovereignty was vested in the National Assembly.

Space Broker: Intermediario di spazio pubblicitario.
A person who buys and sells advertising space on the advertising media, press, radio, TV, the Internet, etc.

(To) Spam: Basically sending e-mail to people who in no way asked you to send that information, normally done in huge numbers to promote a product.

Spam: Posta elettronica pubblicitaria non richiesta.
Slang term for unsolicited commercial e-mail. "Spamming" people with unwanted commercial e-mail solicitations is considered unethical and it is now illegal in several US states. Most ISPs will terminate a user's account if they use it to send spam.

(To) Span: To form a bridge including all the space from one end to the other end.

(To) Spark: Accendere, dar fuoco, incitare, stimolare.
To produce a small flash of light; to be the cause of, especially something violent or unpleasant; to lead to; encourage, stimulate into greater activity.

(To) Speak up: Parlare a voce alta. Dirne quattro, farsi sentire.
To speak more loudly; to give one's opinion freely and clearly.

Spec (Standard performance evaluation corporation): A non-profit corporation set up by many computer and microprocessor vendors to create a standard set of benchmark tests.

Speed-read: Leggere velocemente.
To read quickly, needing less time than usual to through a piece of text.

Spell checker: Controllo ortografico.
A computer program used to control the spelling of words automatically.

(To) Spell out: Compitare, dichiarare, spiegare in dettaglio.
To write or say a word letter by letter; to explain in the clearest or most detailed way.

Sponsor: A party wishing to develop a Project. A developer. A party providing financial support.

(To) Spread: Spargere, diffondere, disseminare, propagare, trasmettere.
To open reach or stretch out so as to include a greater area; cause to be longer broader, wider etc.; to cover a large area or period of time.

SQ3R: It is a technique used to learn from a document by firstly understanding it, and building a mental framework into which facts can then be fitted. SQ3R stands for the stages in which information can be assimilated: survey, question, read, recall, review.

Stabilisers: Stabilizzatori.
Introduced into the Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) in 1988, fixed ceilings on the production and processing guarantees for several agricultural products, backed by co-responsibility levies, above which the level of price support is reduced.

Staff: Personale.
The total group of people employed in a business. In larger businesses, staff refers to specialized functions in the business that are not the main line of the business; staff could be people in administrative or accounting functions of a manufacturing business where the main line is perhaps computer production.

Standard application form: Modulo d'assunzione standardizzato.
The Standard Application Form (SAF) is a format which has been agreed by British university careers services and a number of graduate recruiters. Many employers are happy to accept applications on a SAF.

Staple: Prodotto principale.
Food which is needed in the house all the time; a main product that is produced or sold.

Start up: Avvio.
The term applied to a business that is just being formed and beginning operation as a business; a new business venture; an entrepreneurial business. In venture capital parlance, start-up is the earliest stage at which a venture capital investor will provide funds to an enterprise. Investments or loans made at this stage are called seed money.

(To) State: Dichiarare, affermare.
To say, express or put into words, especially formally; to mention exactly, especially before or in advance.

State Opening of Parliament: Apertura ufficiale del parlamento.
The State Opening of Parliament takes place after a General election and at the beginning of each new Session of Parliament. It is one of the most spectacular ceremonies associated with any Parliament in the world.

Statement: Estratto conto.
A summary for customers of the transactions that have occurred, usually over a month period, e.g., a bank statement lists all deposits and withdrawals and provides a running balance. A short form for saying financial statement.

Statement: Estratto conto.
It is a copy of the customer's ledger account in the seller's ledger, usually covering a period of one month. It shows the opening balance at the start of the month, the invoices sent to the customer, and any cheques received.

State-of-the-art: Tecnologicamente all'avanguardia.
The most updated method applied to hardware software design and development.

Statesman: Statista.
A person who shows great wisdom and skill in the handling of the affairs of government. Being a political leader does not of itself make a statesman, and few would attain to such a designation without internationally acknowledged wisdom in foreign affairs. Statesmen are often perceived as being above the partisan fray of politics, able to discern, and having the courage to articulate, what the real long-term interests of a country are.

Status: Posizione sociale. Condition or position with regard to law; position or rank, as in his high status in the academic world was unchallenged.

Statute: Statuto, legge.
In the broad sense, any law or rule. More specifically, a statute is a law enacted by legislation.

Stock: Scorte, giacenze, merci di magazzino.
Inventory of accumulated merchandise or goods on hand in a retail or manufacturing business; the amount available for sale.

Stock market indicators: Indici di borsa.
Indexes of stock-market performance, including the S&P 500 and the Dow Jones industrial average. Indicators help investors figure out if their mutual fund or stock is doing as well as the rest of the market.

Stockbroker: Mediatore di borsa.
Person in charge of a client's stock trades. If the stock is traded on an exchange, the broker relays buy and sell orders to representatives on the exchange floor. Full-service brokers give advice on which stocks to buy; discount brokers generally charge less, but usually don't offer advice.

Strategy: Strategia.
A term used in business planning that refers to the overall scheme of masterminding the future course or direction. Strategy implies careful selection and application of resources for the most advantageous position, in anticipation of future events. Also, a trick or scheme for deceiving the competition.

(To) Stretch: Ampliare, spaziare.
To cause to become wider or larger; to cause to go beyond natural or proper limits.

Strike: Sciopero.
The withdrawal of labor by a group of workers, acting collectively, in order to achieve some goal such as higher wages or better working conditions, or to resist management proposals for changes that they oppose.

Structural Funds: Fondi strutturali.
The major expenditure funds of the EC: European Regional Development Fund (ERDF); European Social Fund (ESF), and the Guidance section of the European Agricultural guidance and Guarantee Fund (EAGGF). The Structural Funds and the Cohesion Fund are part of the Community's structural policy, which is intended to reduce the gap in terms of development between different regions and between Member States of the European Union and thereby promote economic and social cohesion.

Style: Stile.
The particular choice of words or manner of expression used by or typical of a writer or speaker.

Subheading: Sottotitolo.
Positioned below the heading or at the beginning of each paragraph it presents you with a brief summary, an introduction or an explanation.

Subject Line: Oggetto di una lettera.
It is a brief phrase or keywords to describe the content of the business letter.

Sublease: Subaffitto, sublocazione.
The act of a tenant leasing the property the tenant is leasing to yet another tenant, called a sub-lessee.

Subscription service: Servizio su abbonamento.
An online service, Web site, or other source of information and services which offers ongoing unrestricted access and use for a period of time for a fixed fee without regard to which particular information or services are utilized.

Subsidiarity: Sussidiarietà.
The principles that the EC can act only when they possess the legal powers to do so, that the EC should act only when an objective can be better achieved at the supranational level, and that the means employed by the EC should be proportional to the desired objective.

Subsidies: Sussidi.
Generally not permitted, whether to private or public enterprises, if the effect is likely to be contrary to competition policy.

Succession: Successione al trono.
The assumption of an office, after the previous incumbent's period of authority expires, for whatever reason (incapacity, resignation, death). Also refers to the order in which persons will replace a king or president if those figures are no longer able to perform their functions. For example, in the U.S., the Vice-President is first in the line of succession to the presidency; the Speaker of the House of Representatives is second. In Britain, Prince Charles is first in the line of succession to the throne.

Suffrage: Suffragio.
The right to vote. Democratic societies are characterized by universal suffrage, which means that all adult citizens have the right to vote. The U.S. has had universal suffrage since 1920, when the Nineteenth Amendment was enacted, that extended the right to vote to women.

Supplemental portion: Sezione supplementare.
It is a part of a report that includes appendix, endnotes and bibliography.

Supplier: Fornitore.
A firm that supplies something, especially goods.

Supply: Offerta.
An economist's term describing the amount of a product or service that can be traded at each price, as opposed to demand. The amount of materials or provisions available for use.

(To) Support: Supportare.
To have a specific functionality. For example, a word processor that supports graphics is one that has a graphics component. The word support, however, is vague. It could mean that the word processor enables you to create graphics illustrations, that you can insert graphics created by another program, or something entirely different. As another example, an operating that supports multiple users is one that enables several users to run programs at the same time. (n) Short for customer support, the assistance that a vendor offers to customers. Support can vary widely, from nothing at all to a phone hotline to house calls.

Supra-nationalism: Sopranazionalità.
The principle that the nature of the structures and decisions of the EC are superior to the national states, and different from intergovernmental co-operation.

(To) Surf: Navigare in rete.
To cruise in search of information on the Internet. To move from place to place on the Internet searching for topics of interest. Web surfing has become a favorite pastime for many Internet users. The links on each page enable you to start virtually anywhere on the Web and eventually find interesting pages. The term surfing is generally used to describe a rather undirected type of Web browsing in which the user jumps from page to page rather whimsically, as opposed to searching for specific information.

Sustainable development: Sviluppo sostenibile.
The concept of sustainable development refers to a form of economic growth which satisfies society's needs in terms of well-being in the short, medium and - above all - long terms. It is founded on the assumption that development must meet today's needs without jeopardising the prospects of future generations. In practical terms, it means creating the conditions for long-term economic development with due respect for the environment. The Copenhagen world summit for sustainable development (March 1995) stressed the need to combat social exclusion and protect public health.

Switch: (1) In networks, a device that filters and forwards packets between LAN segments. Switches operate at the data link layer (layer 2) and therefore support any packet protocol. LANs that use switches to join segments are called switched LANs. (2) A small lever or button. The switches on the back of printers and on expansion boards are called DIP switches. (3) Another word for option or parameter. A symbol that you add to a command to modify the command's behavior.

Switchboard: Centralino telefonico.
A central apparatus at which telephone lines are connected or disconnected, for example in an office building.

Synergy: Sinergia.
It is the dividend that is derived from combining people, resources, ideas and energy in new and innovative ways.

System: Sistema.
In the EMC Directive, several items of apparatus combined to fulfil a specific objective and intended to be placed on the market as a single functional unit. This term applies only to the EMC Directive.
The current arrangement for electing national and state legislators in the United States in which one candidate is elected in each legislative district; the winner is the candidate with the most votes. The single-member system allows only one party to win in any given district. This is directly opposite to the more common proportional system, in which much larger districts are used and several members are elected at one time based on the proportion of votes their parties receive.

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