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(To) Radiate from: Irradiare.
Come out or spread in all directions from.

RAM: Memoria ad accesso casuale.
Random Access Memory portion of a computer. The term "memory" typically refers to RAM as opposed to hard disc and optical disc storage of files that cannot be randomly accessed without searching by sectors. RAM stores instructions and other files potentially needed for immediate processing of a task at hand. Memory usually can be accessed "randomly" at relatively high speeds. Files stored on computer tape, floppy discs, hard drive, optical drives, etc. are not available until they are "loaded" into RAM.

Rapport: Rapporto, relazione.
It is the ability to establish relationship with someone. Rapport includes nonverbal communication such as eye contact, body language, tone and volume of your speaking as well as speed or pacing. In short, rapport is the ability to be fully present with someone.

Rate of return: Tasso di rendimento, indice di rendimento.
Return on investment, high or low.

Rate: Ritmo, andamento.
A quantity such as value, cost or speed measured by its relation to some other amount.

Ratio analysis: Analisi degli indici aziendali.
Comparison of similar items on the basis of percentages rather than in dollars. This method can reveal trends, identify eccentricities and evaluate risks.

Ratio: Rapporto, indice aziendale.
A relationship of one thing to another expressed in numbers, often used in business as a percentage or a multiple.

Raw materials: Materie prime.
Raw as in unfinished. The stuff finished products are made of.

Reach: Campo, raggio di azione, capacità, portata.
The limit to which something can have effect or influence.

Real estate: Proprietà fondiaria, immobili.
Property in the form of land and houses; houses to be bought.

(To) Reboot: Riavviare.
Restart the computer, from boot, with the implication that the computer has not been down for long.

(To) Recall: Richiamare alla mente.
To bring back to the mind, remember.

(To) Receive a call: Ricevere una telefonata.
To get a telephone call.

Receiver: Ricevitore (del telefono), destinatario.
The part of a telephone that is held to one's ear.

Recession: Recessione.
A time when business is slow, people lose jobs and sitting presidents worry about their re-election prospects as people tend to blame them for economic woes. Technically speaking, six months or more of a decline in the gross domestic product.

Recipient: Destinatario, ricevente.
A person who receives something.

Recommendations: Raccomandazioni.
Views and preferences expressed by EU institutions on desired actions, but not binding on the Member States.

(To) Reconcile: Riconciliare.
To perform comparative analyses of two or more accounting sheets to verify accuracy. One of the most common reconciliation in a small business is a comparison of the bank statement of checks paid with your own record to provide assurance of the amount of cash in your account at the bank.

Record:
(v) Registrare. To put in writing; to store information for retrieval at a later date.
(n) Registrazione. Any physical thing that contains information as evidence of something that occurred previously. Records are not limited to paper records.

(To) Recount: Ricontare; raccontare.
To count again; to tell a story.

Recovery key: Chiave di accesso.
The key that is used to encrypt the key recovery field in a key recovery scheme. A single recovery key may be used with all versions of a particular product or with the specific organization using the key, or with a specific key recovery. The recovery key may be associated with either party to a communication.

(To) Recruit: Reclutare, assumere.
To find in order to employ; to attract and obtain someone as a new member.

Redundancy: Esuberanza di personale.
Involuntary job losses which occur due to a reduction in manpower requirements on the part of firm.

Referee/reference: Chi dà referenze, referente.
It is a person willing to act on your behalf when you apply for a job. Two referees are usually sufficient, one must be academic.

Reference: Iniziali di riferimento.
The reference line identifies the person who writes and the one who types a business letter, usually by initials. It appears a few spaces below the signature line, along the left margin. The writer's initials come first, and they are capitalised.

Referendum: A national or local vote on a single issue. Most U.S. states require referendums on amendments to the state constitution.

Reform of the House of Lords: Riforma della camera dei Lord.
November 1999 Members of the House of Lords were not elected and sat in Parliament because they had either received or inherited a title. The House of Lords Act 1999 removed the entitlement of most of the 750 hereditary peers to sit and vote in the House of Lords. They now have the right to vote, and to stand as candidates, in Parliamentary elections. There is now a 'transitional' chamber that will exist until further reforms are implemented. In January 1999 the Government announced the setting up of a Royal Commission whose report published on 20th January 2000 with many recommendations including the setting up of a new, mainly nominated, partly elected chamber of around 550 members. These recommendations will be considered by a joint committee of both Houses which is yet to be appointed. At present there is no timetable for further reform.

Reform: Riforma.
A change or modification of something that already exists.

Refresh rate: The maximum number of frames that can be displayed on a monitor in a second, expressed in Hertz. The scan rate is controlled by the vertical sync signal generated by the video controller, ordering the monitor to position the electron gun at the upper left corner of the raster, ready to paint another frame. Increasing the refresh rate decreases flickering, reducing eyestrain, but few people notice any change above 60-72 Hz.

(To) Refund: Risarcire, rimborsare.
To give money in repayment, in return for loss or damage, in order to balance accounts, etc.

Regional policy: Politica regionale.
A major policy concern, concentrating on reducing the differences in economic strength between the different regions of the EU, concentrating on aid for less developed regions and restructuring aid for those in economic decline.

Register: Registro.
It is a term for understanding how the variable elements of the context of situation (what/field, who/tenor, how/mode) affect the form and meaning of a text.

Registration service: Servizio su registrazione.
A generally free service on the Internet which requires registration by the user, sometimes including detailed user information, in return for access to the service.

Registration: Registrazione.
A Web site visitor's input of personal or business information into a form provided on the Web site. Registration allows the Web site owner to better understand viewers and customers, increases the likelihood of users returning to the site, and usually gains permission to send marketing messages to the visitor. In return, the Web site owner may provide the registrant with access to restricted information, a Web site customized for the user, a free service, a discount on products or services, or some other inducement to register. Users generally expect, and Web sites generally provide, a privacy statement describing how the information will be used.

Regulations: Regolamenti.
The most rigorous form of legislation, detailed instructions applicable throughout the EC and directly binding upon the Member States.

(To) Rehearse: Provare, fare le prove.
To practise in order to prepare for a public performance.

(To) Relate: Correlare.
To show or establish a connection between, to have a connection with.

Reinforced qualified majority: Maggioranza qualificata rafforzata.
The idea of a reinforced qualified majority stems from the conviction shared by several Member States and the European Commission that if the unanimity requirement is maintained in an enlarged Union it will all too often result in stalemate. Unanimity might therefore be replaced in certain cases by a reinforced qualified majority, larger than the 71% of the votes generally required for majority voting. Several proposals have been put forward as to the areas where such a majority would apply and the exact level of the threshold.

Relay: Squadra di ricambio, ricambio.
A part of a team or organisation that takes its turn in keeping an activity going continuously; a fresh group replacing a tired one.

Release: Rilascio.
To set free, let go; to allow a new film record or record to be shown or sold publicly; to allow a new story or a piece of government information to be known and printed.

Remote Access Server: Server di accesso remoto.
A system which receives data calls, generally over telephone company dial-up lines, and connects them to an enterprise backbone network.

Remote Access: Accesso remoto.
The ability of individual PC's or branch office LANs to establish data communications with their organization's backbone network, usually over dial-up links. Remote access is most important for supporting mobile laptop users and enabling telecommuting. Organizations may lower their remote access administrative burden and telecommunication costs by contracting with an Internet Service Provider to receive dial-up calls at local POPs and route the calls over the network to the enterprise network.

Rent: Affitto, canone di locazione.
Money paid by a user (lessee) to an owner (lessor) of property for use of the property under the terms of a lease. Often used interchangeably as a verb with lease.

Repeat visitor: Visitatore frequente.
A visitor to a Web site who has visited the site previously. Repeat visitors are usually identified by a cookie that was placed on their machine when they visited the site before. They may also be identified if they registered previously on the site and must identify themselves at the start of each visit in order to access content on the site. Repeat visitors are often tracked in the log file.

Reply to inquiry: Risposta a una lettera di richiesta di informazioni.
It is a reply to an inquiry letter in which you answer the questions as clearly and as concisely as possible, or explain the reasons why you are not able to and offer to assist with alternate methods.

Report text: Testo di una relazione.
It includes body, conclusions and recommendations.

Representation: Rappresentanza.
That which is performed by a representative, delegate, or agent, especially a representative in a legislature.

Representative government: Governo rappresentativo.
A system of government in which the people elect agents to represent them in a legislature.

Republic: Repubblica.
The form of government in which ultimate power resides in the people, who elect representatives to participate in decision-making on their behalf. The head of state in a republic is usually an elected president-never a hereditary monarch. A republic is founded on the idea that every citizen has a right to participate, directly or indirectly, in affairs of state, and the general will of the people should be sovereign. The U.S. is a republic.

Research and development policy: Politica di ricerca e sviluppo.
It is based on provisions in the three founding. The Single European Act introduced the concept of technology into Community law and the EU Treaty then developed the Community's objectives in this field. Supporting the competitiveness of European industry and promoting research to help it face technological challenges are the Community's priorities.

(To) Resize: Ingrandire o impicciolire.
To make an image larger or smaller. Once selected, an image can be resized by dragging its handles; however, this does not change the image file size. To change the file size, along with the appearance, an image must be resized in an image editing application.

Resolutions: Risoluzioni.
Statements of principle adopted by the Council of Ministers on the recommendation of the Commission, but not legally binding upon the Member States.

Resume: Curriculum.
American for Curriculum vitae.

Retail card: Carta di credito.
A credit card issued by a retailer, most commonly a department store, which generally requires no annual fee from the user. Unlike major bank cards which are intended to earn a profit for the issuing bank, retail cards operations are expected to lose money or break even since their value to the retailer is in encouraging customer loyalty.

Retail: Dettaglio, vendita al dettaglio.
The sale of goods or services singly or in small quantities directly to the consumer, or relating thereto. As opposed to wholesale.

Retailer: Dettagliante, negoziante.
Someone who sells things by retail, shopkeeper.

Retained earnings: Utili non distribuiti, capitale di risparmio.
What's left of earnings after dividends are paid. These are cumulative; they're additions to capital earned since a company's birth.

Retirement: Pensionamento.
Repayment of a debt or obligation. Remove from further service, such as permanent withdrawal of an employee from the workforce; cancellation of a stock or bond; scrapping a fixed asset at the end of its useful life.

Retrieval: Recupero, reperimento.
The act or process of finding and bringing back or regaining something.

Return on assets (R.O.A.): Rendimento delle attività.
A measure of the efficiency of a business calculated as a percentage; a measure of the percent of profit for each dollar invested in the assets by dividing profit by total asset. When compared for periods before an expansion of capacity, it is helpful in understanding the increased profit obtained from the expansion.

Return on investment (R.O.I.): Utile sul capitale investito.
A measure of profitability of the ownership of a business expressed as a percentage. This measure is most important to the owner, because it can be compared with other investments. It is calculated by dividing net profit for the period by total equity (net worth) at the beginning of an accounting period. Comparison of the current period with other periods reveals trends; comparison with industry composites reveals the profitability of your company compared to competitors. Return on investment (invested capital) is similar to interest on savings.

Revenue: Entrate.
The income of the EC, coming from several sources, and regarded as the EU own resources.

Revolving credit agreement: Linea di credito permanente.
You have one of these for your charge cards. The lender lets you borrow up to a certain amount again and again; once you pay off part of the loan you can re-borrow that part. In other words, once you pay off one shopping spree, you can start on another.

Rheme: Rema.
In semantics the division of a sentence into the thing that is talked about (the topic) and what is said about it (the comment). In simple sentences this distinction coincides with the distinction between subject and predicate. Some authors identify this distinction with the distinction between focus and presupposition or theme and rheme.

Right of initiative: Diritto di iniziativa.
So that it can play its role as guardian of the Treaties and defender of the general interest the Commission has been given a right of initiative which empowers and requires it to make proposals on the matters contained in the Treaty, either because the Treaty expressly so provides or because the Commission considers it necessary.

Right wing: Di destra.
On the far conservative side of the political spectrum, the opposite of left-wing. Right-wing politics usually favors: a free enterprise system in which business is unfettered by government regulation; a strong military; does not favor much spending on social services, and is "tough on crime." The term right-wing can include authoritarians and reactionaries. See also conservative; reactionary.

(To) Ring up: Telefonare, chiamare.
To make a telephone call; to call someone on the telephone.

ROM: Memoria di sola lettura.
Read Only Memory whose files can be accessed, executed, and possibly copied. However, ROM files cannot be deleted or otherwise altered on the ROM device; for example, a CD-ROM compact disc can be read only but not written upon by the user.

Router: Hardware and software that routes data between similar or dissimilar network on the protocol level. Routers can support more than one protocol. They make decisions about which path through the network traffic will follow. Each network connected by the router has a unique identity with its own Internet address. A device (hardware) that regulates traffic on the Internet and selects paths for the information to travel.

Royal Assent: Sanzione sovrana.
The Royal Assent is the Monarch agreement to make a Bill into an Act of Parliament. The Monarch actually has the right to refuse Royal Assent but nowadays this does not happen - the Royal Assent is a formality. The last time that the Royal Assent was refused was in 1708, when Queen Anne refused her Assent to a Bill for settling the Militia in Scotland.

Royalty: Diritto di concessione, diritto di licenza.
Payment of an agreed amount of money for the right to use a given property, e.g., a patent or copyrighted material.

(To) Rubber stamp: Approvare ad occhi chiusi.
To approve something in a routine way, without giving the matter much thought.

Rule of thumb: A lume di naso.
Unwritten but accepted operating practices that are considered to be average; practical, generally accepted average values for business statistics.

Ruling class: Classe dirigente.
The group of people, as a class, that holds power in any society.

(To) Run through: Scorrere, dare una scorsa.
To repeat for practice; to read or examine quickly.

(To) Run: Funzionare, girare.
The process of carrying out the instructions in a computer program by a computer.

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